先生に聞いてもいいですか .. can I use this if I want to ask my teacher a question ! instead of 質問があります

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I think 質問してもいいですか？ is OK. Maybe raising your hand and say 先生！ is acceptable too if you are in a class, because it means you have something to say or ask.

If you are talking with other students plus a teacher, asking each other questions, and when you want to ask something especially the teacher, not other students, then I think you can say 先生に聞いてもいいですか？
Or if you and your teacher are talking alone and you want to ask something that is a king of questions normally student wouldn't ask, then you can say it too.

So I think 先生に聞いてもいいですか？ sounds more than just a normal situation to me.
聞いてもいいですか？ is better, but still a bit strange because 聞く is too general verb for questioning in a class and don't sound appropriate. I think 質問 is the best word for asking questions at school.